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Nootropic Brain Spray

Age Management of West Michigan

Integrative Medicine

Conventional, Functional, and Anti-Aging Regenerative Medicine located in Grand Rapids, MI.
Dr. Shahnaz Ali            Dr. Piyush Bhatnagar

Nootropic Brain Spray

Powerful trio of Selank, Semax, and Oxytocin to optimize brain function and mood.
Brain Performance

Selank

Selank increases cognitive abilities by increasing production of BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor).

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Selank is a peptide analog of the human tetrapeptide Tuftsin and mimics many of Tuftsin's anxiolytic and immune modulating benefits.   Selank's primary application is for its anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effects on stress resilience and mood.   One molecular mechanism by which Selank operates is by allosterically modulating the GABAergic system.  Selank also acts through the dopamine and serotonergic systems, which is why Selank has similar physiological effects as classical benzodiazepines.  Selank does not interact with GABA receptors the same way as benzodiazepines, but has very similar anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.  Thus, side effects such as abuse potential and tolerance, which are common with benzodiazepines, do not seem to occur with Selank.  It also modulates the expression of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), affects the balance of T helper cell cytokines, and influences the concentration of monoamine neurotransmitters and serotonin metabolism.

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Numerous clinical studies have shown that Selank has strong antianxiety and neuroprotective effects in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders.
Semax

Semax is a nootropic that is known for its neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects.   The neuroactive peptide possesses neurotrophic, neuroregulatory, and neuroprotective properties in the central nervous system.   Semax belongs to the melanocortin family of compounds which includes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.   Semax is currently used clinically in Russia and Ukraine for treatment of cranial and head injuries like stroke and TBI, as well as for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. In addition to its nootropic effects, Semax has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, regenerative, vasodilatory, and neuroprotective properties.

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a nanopeptide hormone that plays a role in human behavior, including social bonding, love, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. It's produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.  Oxytocin is associated with functions that support a sense of safety, sociality, as well as survival and reproduction. It can induce anti-stress-like effects such as reduction of blood pressure and cortisol levels, and increases pain thresholds. Both men and women also release the hormone during skin- to-skin contact, sexual arousal, and orgasm/ejaculation. Moreover, oxytocin plays a major role in different human behaviors such as trust, bonding, desire, and social recognition. Because of this, oxytocin is called the “cuddle” or “love” hormone.

  • Anti-inflammatory

  • Antioxidant

  • Regenerative effects

Selank Benefits

  • Decrease Anxiety

  • Decrease Depression

  • Decrease Stress and Improve Body's Stress Resilience

  • Improve Cognitive Performance

  • Improved Memory and Recall​

  • Prevent weight gain and reduce cholesterol

  • Decreases alcohol-withdrawal-related anxiety

  • Decreased blood pressure and increase brain blood flow

  • Increased Immune System Function

  • Improved energy and motivation in CFS

  • Improved symptoms of Neurasthenia

  • Increase BDNF 

  • Improved Sleep

  • Improved Focus and Concentration

  • Helps to increase lymph flow to the stomach and decrease stomach ulcers

  • Stabilizes blood enkephalins - natural peptides that can reduce stress

Semax Cognitive Benefits

  • Enhanced Overall Cognition

  • Increased BDNF production

  • Increased NGF production

  • Improved Focus and Concentration

  • Increased Memory Capacity

  • Increased Memory Recall

  • Improved Problem Solving Abilities

  • Neuroprotective: Prevent Cognitive Decline 

  • Promotes Neurogenesis

  • Increases Neuroplasticity

  • Anti-Anxiety 

  • Increased Stress Resilience

  • Improved Mood Stability

  • Improved Sleep

Other benefits of Semax

  • Anti-inflammatory

  • Antioxidant

  • Regenerative effects

  • Vasodilatory effect

  • Accelerated GI Healing

  • Elimination of Bacteria and Pathogens

Oxytocin Benefits

  • Produces anti-aging effects 

  • Promotes weight loss

  • Fights stress 

  • Improves mood 

  • Improves cognitive function 

  • Improves social skills 

  • Lowers blood pressure 

  • Lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease

  • Fights inflammation 

  • Treats substance addiction

  • Improves sexual function

  • Improves blood sugar levels 

  • Improves sleep quality 

Selank safety profile

Selank has a high safety profile and is practically non-toxic since it breaks down in the body into amio acids.  Selank has been recommended by Russian and Ukraine doctors for more than a decade and is availalble in Russia as an over the counter medication, available without prescription.  Numerous clinical trials confirmed the safety of this peptide, which was found to not form a dependence and to be non-toxic even in doses 200-500 times higher than the therapeutic ones.

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Selank does not cause drowsiness, lethargy, dull thinking, and other side effects associated with most medications used to treat neurological and mental disorders.  Selank does not cause addiction or withdrawal symptoms,

Selank is compatible with other medications

Selank is compatible to be used with various medications to treat cognitive and neurological disorders.   Selank has a positive effect when utilized in combination with other medications by alleviating withdrawal symptoms and reducing side effects.  Selank can be safely utilized along with consumption of alcohol and helps offset the toxicity of alcohol on brain function.

Semax safety profile

Research shows that Semax is very well-tolerated by most users, with few reported side effects. However, some users experience a slight burning sensation in the nasal passages or mild mucus membrane irritation after administration.  Most reported side effects are mild and transient.

  • Headaches

  • Nausea

  • Vomiting

  • Drowsiness

  • Hair Loss (Increased BDNF levels can promote hair loss in patients prone to baldness) 

Oxytocin safety profile

Oxytocin side effects are very uncommon. There have been some side effects associated with the use of this drug wherein the patient had one of the issues listed below at some point while being on oxytocin. However, these side effects weren’t confirmed to be associated with the treatment and could have been a coincidence and not related to the use of oxytocin. Despite this, it was listed as a side effect associated with oxytocin even though these associated side effects are very uncommon.

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Side effects associated with oxytocin may include the following:

  • Blurred vision

  • Confusion

  • Increased blood pressure

  • Loss of appetite

  • Nausea

  • Stomach pain

  • Vomiting

Disclaimer: 

Individual results vary.  Best results obtained with combination of a healthy diet and lifestyle .   These products nor the ingredients have been approved or endorsed by the FDA.  These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.   Homeopathic products have not been reviewed by the FDA for safety and effectiveness to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or conditions.  These are compounded for human use by a US 503A compounding pharmacy that provides these on patient-specific use as a dietary supplement.   You should consult a licensed health care professional before starting any supplement, dietary, or exercise program.  Products not recommended if you are pregnant or breast feeding.

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Research and References (Selank)

  1. Kozlovskaya MM et al (2003). Selank and short peptides of the tuftsin family in the regulation of adaptive behavior in stress. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14969422/

  2. Medvedev VE et al (2015). Optimization of the treatment of anxiety disorders with Selank. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26356395/

  3. Tereshchenko ON et al (2014). A comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of Selank and phenazepam in the treatment of anxiety disorders. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25176261/Florentin I et al (1978). 

  4. Polak JM, Bloom SR (1986). Regulatory peptides of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2425759/

  5. Najjar VA, Nishioka K (1970). Tuftsin a natural phagocytosis stimulating peptide. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4097539/

  6. Zozulia AA et al (2008).Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic Selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18454096/

  7. Semenova TP et al (2009). Comparison of the effects of Selank and tuftsin on the metabolism of serotonin in the brain of rats pretreated with PCPA. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19803361/

  8. Ershov FI et al (2009). Antiviral activity of immunomodulator Selank in experimental influenza infection. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19882898/

  9. Neznamov GG et al (2011). Selank – original peptide anxiolytic. https://white-medicine.com/files/pubfiles/_g4yg22vo.pdf

  10. Mezentseva MV et al (2011). Neurotropic peptide called Selank with antiviral activity against human and bird influenza and herpes virus infections. https://www.iimmun.ru/index.php/iimm/article/view/31

  11. Wu M et al (2012). Tuftsin Promotes an Anti-Inflammatory Switch and Attenuates Symptoms in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328491/#!po = 32.926831.

  12. In vivo immunostimulation by tuftsin. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF001996

  13. Kolik LG et al (2014). Efficacy of peptide anxiolytic Selank during modeling of withdrawal syndrome in rats with stable alcoholic motivation. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24913576/

  14. Lalayan T, Korzhavina N (2014). The influence of Selank on the course of pain syndrome in patients with chronic pain syndromes of lumbosacral spine. https://Selank.ru/provereno/publikatsii/

  15. Selye H (1974). Stress Without Distress. https://www.amazon.com/Stress-Without-Distress-Hans-Selye/dp/0397010265

  16. Verbenko VA, Phedorov VN (2016). The using a new anxiolytic peptide “Selank” in the therapy of psychogenic binge eating disorder. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vozmozhnosti-primeneniya-novogo-anksiolitika-peptidnoy-prirody-Selank-v-terapii-psihogennogo-pereedaniya

  17. Fomenko EV et al (2017). Effect of Selank on Functional State of Rat Hepatocytes under Conditions of Restraint Stress. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28853100/

  18. Verbenko VA, Shakina TA (2017). Effectiveness of new synthesized analogue of endogenous peptide taftcin – Selank in therapy of adjustment and posttraumatic stress disorders. https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/344

  19. ​Verbenko VA, Shakina TA (2019). New opportunities to potentiate the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors by Selank regulatory peptide in the therapy of anxious-depressive disorders. https://Selank.ru/provereno/publikatsii/

  20. Starikov P, Fedorov V (2019). The use of Selank in the treatment of vegetative and psycho-emotional disorders in climacteric syndrome in women. https://Selank.ru/provereno/publikatsii/

  21. Siebert A et al (2017). Tuftsin – Properties and Analogs. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28745220/

  22. Yasenyavskaya AL et al (2020). The Influence of Selank on the Level of Cytokines Under the Conditions of Social Stress. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32621722/

Research and References (Semax)

1.  Semax, an ACTH (4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents.  KO Eremin, VS Kudrin, P Saransaari, SS Oja… - … Research, 2005 - Springer

2.  Synthetic acth analogue semax displays nootropic‐like activity in humans.  AYA Kaplan, AG Kochetova… - … Research …, 1996 - Wiley Online Library

3.  Experimental substantiation of application of Semax as a modulator of immune reaction on the model of “social” stress.  MA Samotrueva, AL Yasenyavskaya… - Bulletin of Experimental …, 2019 - Springer

4.  Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemia.  VG Dmitrieva, OV Povarova, VI Skvortsova… - Cellular and molecular …, 2010 - Springer

 5.  Effects of Semax on dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems of the brain.  KO Eremin, VS Kudrin… - Doklady Biological …, 2004 - paulinamedicalclinic.com

6.  Semax, an analog of ACTH (4–10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus.  OV Dolotov, EA Karpenko, LS Inozemtseva… - Brain research, 2006 - Elsevier

7.  The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke.  EI Gusev, MY Martynov, EV Kostenko… - Zhurnal Nevrologii i …, 2018 - europepmc.org

8.  Semax, an ACTH (4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents.  KO Eremin, VS Kudrin, P Saransaari, SS Oja… - … Research, 2005 - Springer

9.  Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency.  EI Gusev, VI Skvortsova… - Zhurnal Nevrologii I …, 2005 - europepmc.org

10.  Investigation of mechanisms of neuro-protective effect of semax in acute period of ischemic stroke

NF Miasoedova, VI Skvortsova… - Zhurnal nevrologii i …, 1999 - europepmc.org

11.  Nootropic and analgesic effects of Semax following different routes of administration

DM Manchenko, G NIu, NG Levitskaia… - … zhurnal imeni IM …, 2010 - europepmc.org

12.  Influence of semax on the emotional state of white rats in the norm and against the background of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide action.  NG Levitskaya, DA Vilenskii, EA Sebentsova… - Biology Bulletin, 2010 - Springer

13.  Kinetics of semax penetration into the brain and blood of rats after its intranasal administration.  KV Shevchenko, IY Nagaev, LY Alfeeva… - Russian Journal of …, 2006 - researchgate.net

14.  The Heptapeptide SEMAX stimulates BDNF Expression in Different Areas of the Rat Brain in vivo

OV Dolotov, TS Seredenina… - Doklady Biological …, 2003 - researchgate.net

15.  Investigation of the spectrum of physiological activities of the heptapeptide semax, an ACTH4–10 analogue.  NG Levitskaya, NY Glazova, EA Sebentsova… - Neurochemical …, 2008 - researchgate.net

16.  Comparison of the temporary dynamics of NGF and BDNF gene expression in rat hippocampus, frontal cortex, and retina under Semax action

17.  Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4–10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain.  OV Dolotov, EA Karpenko… - Journal of …, 2006 - Wiley Online Library

18.  The neuroprotective effects of Semax in conditions of MPTP-induced lesions of the brain dopaminergic system.  NG Levitskaya, EA Sebentsova, LA Andreeva… - Neuroscience and …, 2004 - Springer

Research and References (Oxytocin)

  1. Cho, S. Y., Kim, A. Y., Kim, J., Choi, D. H., Son, E. D., & Shin, D. W. (2019). Oxytocin alleviates cellular senescence through oxytocin receptor-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/Nrf2 signalling. The British journal of dermatology, 181(6), 1216–1225. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17824.

  2. Hayre N. (2020). Oxytocin Levels Inversely Correlate With Skin Age Score and Solar Damage. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 19(12), 1146–1148. https://doi.org/ 10.36849/ JDD.2020.5063.

  3. Stevenson, J. R., McMahon, E. K., Boner, W., & Haussmann, M. F. (2019). Oxytocin administration prevents cellular aging caused by social isolation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 103, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.006.

  4. Elabd, C., Cousin, W., Upadhyayula, P., Chen, R. Y., Chooljian, M. S., Li, J., Kung, S., Jiang, K. P., & Conboy, I. M. (2014). Oxytocin is an age-specific circulating hormone that is necessary for muscle maintenance and regeneration. Nature communications, 5, 4082. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5082.

  5. Benameur, T., Panaro, M. A., & Porro, C. (2021). The antiaging role of oxytocin. Neural regeneration research, 16(12), 2413–2414. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.313030.

  6. Buemann B. (2022). Oxytocin Release: A Remedy for Cerebral Inflammaging. Current aging science, 15(3), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609815666220414104832.

  7. Faraji, J., Karimi, M., Soltanpour, N., Moharrerie, A., Rouhzadeh, Z., Lotfi, H., Hosseini, S. A., Jafari, S. Y., Roudaki, S., Moeeini, R., & Metz, G. A. (2018). Oxytocin-mediated social enrichment promotes longer telomeres and novelty seeking. eLife, 7, e40262. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40262.

  8. Hong, S. M., Ko, J. K., Moon, J. J., & Kim, Y. R. (2021). Oxytocin: A Potential Therapeutic for Obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 30(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes20098.

  9. Lawson, E. A., Olszewski, P. K., Weller, A., & Blevins, J. E. (2020). The role of oxytocin in regulation of appetitive behaviour, body weight and glucose homeostasis. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 32(4), e12805. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12805.

  10. Niu, J., Tong, J., & Blevins, J. E. (2021). Oxytocin as an Anti-obesity Treatment. Frontiers in neuroscience, 15, 743546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.743546.

  11. Blevins, J. E., & Ho, J. M. (2013). Role of oxytocin signaling in the regulation of body weight. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 14(4), 311–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-013-9260-x.

  12. Lawson E. A. (2017). The effects of oxytocin on eating behaviour and metabolism in humans. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 13(12), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.115.

  13. Striepens, N., Schröter, F., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Maier, W., Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2016). Oxytocin enhances cognitive control of food craving in women. Human brain mapping, 37(12), 4276–4285. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23308.

  14. Heinrichs, M., Baumgartner, T., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U. (2003). Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biological psychiatry, 54(12), 1389–1398. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00465-7.

  15. Engert, V., Koester, A. M., Riepenhausen, A., & Singer, T. (2016). Boosting recovery rather than buffering reactivity: Higher stress-induced oxytocin secretion is associated with increased cortisol reactivity and faster vagal recovery after acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 74, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.029.

  16. Kirsch, P., Esslinger, C., Chen, Q., Mier, D., Lis, S., Siddhanti, S., Gruppe, H., Mattay, V. S., Gallhofer, B., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2005). Oxytocin modulates neural circuitry for social cognition and fear in humans. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 25(49), 11489–11493. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3984-05.2005.

  17. Uvnas-Moberg, K., & Petersson, M. (2005). Oxytocin, ein Vermittler von Antistress, Wohlbefinden, sozialer Interaktion, Wachstum und Heilung [Oxytocin, a mediator of anti-stress, well-being, social interaction, growth and healing]. Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 51(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2005.51.1.57.

  18. Blume, A., Bosch, O. J., Miklos, S., Torner, L., Wales, L., Waldherr, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2008). Oxytocin reduces anxiety via ERK1/2 activation: local effect within the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The European journal of neuroscience, 27(8), 1947–1956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06184.x.

  19. Labuschagne, I., Phan, K. L., Wood, A., Angstadt, M., Chua, P., Heinrichs, M., Stout, J. C., & Nathan, P. J. (2010). Oxytocin attenuates amygdala reactivity to fear in generalized social anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(12), 2403–2413. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.123.

  20. Han, R. T., Kim, Y. B., Park, E. H., Kim, J. Y., Ryu, C., Kim, H. Y., Lee, J., Pahk, K., Shanyu, C., Kim, H., Back, S. K., Kim, H. J., Kim, Y. I., & Na, H. S. (2018). Long-Term Isolation Elicits Depression and Anxiety-Related Behaviors by Reducing Oxytocin-Induced GABAergic Transmission in Central Amygdala. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 11, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00246.

  21. Wirth M. M. (2015). Hormones, stress, and cognition: The effects of glucocorticoids and oxytocin on memory. Adaptive human behavior and physiology, 1(2), 177–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-014-0010-4.

  22. Abramova, O., Zorkina, Y., Ushakova, V., Zubkov, E., Morozova, A., & Chekhonin, V. (2020). The role of oxytocin and vasopressin dysfunction in cognitive impairment and mental disorders. Neuropeptides, 83, 102079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2020.102079.

  23. Shahrestani, S., Kemp, A. H., & Guastella, A. J. (2013). The impact of a single administration of intranasal oxytocin on the recognition of basic emotions in humans: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(10), 1929–1936. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.86.

  24. Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., Berger, C., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007). Oxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans. Biological psychiatry, 61(6), 731–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015.

  25. Kosaka, H., Munesue, T., Ishitobi, M., Asano, M., Omori, M., Sato, M., Tomoda, A., & Wada, Y. (2012). Long-term oxytocin administration improves social behaviors in a girl with autistic disorder. BMC psychiatry, 12, 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-110.

  26. Gutkowska, J., Jankowski, M., Mukaddam-Daher, S., & McCann, S. M. (2000). Oxytocin is a cardiovascular hormone. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 33(6), 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879×2000000600003.

  27. Petersson, M., Lundeberg, T., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1999). Short-term increase and long-term decrease of blood pressure in response to oxytocin-potentiating effect of female steroid hormones. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 33(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199901000-00015.

  28. Ondrejcakova, M., Ravingerova, T., Bakos, J., Pancza, D., & Jezova, D. (2009). Oxytocin exerts protective effects on in vitro myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 87(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1139/Y08-108.

  29. Kobayashi, H., Yasuda, S., Bao, N., Iwasa, M., Kawamura, I., Yamada, Y., Yamaki, T., Sumi, S., Ushikoshi, H., Nishigaki, K., Takemura, G., Fujiwara, T., Fujiwara, H., & Minatoguchi, S. (2009). Postinfarct treatment with oxytocin improves cardiac function and remodeling via activating cell-survival signals and angiogenesis. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 54(6), 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181bfac02.

  30. Yuan, L., Liu, S., Bai, X., Gao, Y., Liu, G., Wang, X., Liu, D., Li, T., Hao, A., & Wang, Z. (2016). Oxytocin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in microglial cells and attenuates microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Journal of neuroinflammation, 13(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-016-0541-7.

  31. Clodi, M., Vila, G., Geyeregger, R., Riedl, M., Stulnig, T. M., Struck, J., Luger, T. A., & Luger, A. (2008). Oxytocin alleviates the neuroendocrine and cytokine response to bacterial endotoxin in healthy men. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 295(3), E686–E691. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90263.2008.

  32. Sever, I. H., Ozkul, B., Erisik Tanriover, D., Ozkul, O., Elgormus, C. S., Gur, S. G., Sogut, I., Uyanikgil, Y., Cetin, E. O., & Erbas, O. (2021). Protective effect of oxytocin through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role in a model of sepsis-induced acute lung injury: Demonstrated by CT and histological findings. Experimental lung research, 47(9), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/01902148.2021.1992808.

  33. Lee, M. R., Rohn, M. C., Tanda, G., & Leggio, L. (2016). Targeting the Oxytocin System to Treat Addictive Disorders: Rationale and Progress to Date. CNS drugs, 30(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0313-z.

  34. King, C. E., Gano, A., & Becker, H. C. (2020). The role of oxytocin in alcohol and drug abuse. Brain research, 1736, 146761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146761.

  35. Argiolas, A., & Melis, M. R. (1995). Oxytocin-induced penile erection. Role of nitric oxide. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 395, 247–254.

  36. Muin, D. A., Wolzt, M., Marculescu, R., Sheikh Rezaei, S., Salama, M., Fuchs, C., Luger, A., Bragagna, E., Litschauer, B., & Bayerle-Eder, M. (2015). Effect of long-term intranasal oxytocin on sexual dysfunction in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Fertility and sterility, 104(3), 715–23.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.06.010.

  37. MacDonald, K., & Feifel, D. (2012). Dramatic improvement in sexual function induced by intranasal oxytocin. The journal of sexual medicine, 9(5), 1407–1410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02703.x.

  38. Behnia, B., Heinrichs, M., Bergmann, W., Jung, S., Germann, J., Schedlowski, M., Hartmann, U., & Kruger, T. H. (2014). Differential effects of intranasal oxytocin on sexual experiences and partner interactions in couples. Hormones and behavior, 65(3), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.009.

  39. Pedersen, C. A., & Boccia, M. L. (2002). Oxytocin maintains as well as initiates female sexual behavior: effects of a highly selective oxytocin antagonist. Hormones and behavior, 41(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2001.1736.

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